Credit Risk in Corporate Bonds | CFA Level 1 - AnalystPrep (2024)

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Credit Risk in Corporate Bonds | CFA Level 1 - AnalystPrep (2)

fixed-income

06 Sep 2019

Debt markets play a critical role in the global economy. Companies and governments raise capital in the debt market to fund recurrent expenditures, buy equipment, acquire assets, and so on. As such, bond markets facilitate economic growth.

Credit risk is the risk of loss resulting from a borrower’s failure to make full and timely payments of interest and/or principal. In most instances, the investment will only suffer a partial loss, and bondholders will recover some value. Finance professionals call this the loss-given default (LGD). It is usually expressed as a percentage estimate of the bond position held by the investors.

Credit-related Risks

Spread Risk

Risky debt instruments typically trade at a yield premium or spread to bonds considered “default-risk free,” such as US treasury bonds or German government bonds. Yield spreads in basis points would increase depending on 2 primary factors:

  • downgrade risk; and/or
  • market liquidity risk.

Credit Migration Risk (or Downgrade Risk)

A decline in an issuer’s creditworthiness often means that a rating agency has downgraded a bond issuer from, let’s say, AA to A. The consequences of this migration are a higher risk of default and widening yield spreads.

Market Liquidity Risk

In a liquid market, selling large amounts of securities quickly will not significantly reduce the price. However, in a relatively illiquid market, such as the corporate bond market, selling many assets quickly will increase the bid-ask spread (not to be confused with the yield spread).

The bid-ask spread is often indicative of market liquidity risk. Therefore, to compensate for the risk of insufficient market liquidity, the yield premium includes a market liquidity component in addition to the credit risk component.

Question

Which of the following best describes a bond’s credit risk?

  1. Default probability inherent in fixed-rate instruments.
  2. The risk of not getting full interest and principal payments.
  3. Expected loss in the event of failure or bankruptcy of a debt issuer.

Solution

The correct answer is B.

Credit risk is the risk of default on a debt that may arise from a borrower’s failure to make required payments.

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    Sergio Torrico

    2021-07-23

    Excelente para el FRM 2Escribo esta revisión en español para los hispanohablantes, soy de Bolivia, y utilicé AnalystPrep para dudas y consultas sobre mi preparación para el FRM nivel 2 (lo tomé una sola vez y aprobé muy bien), siempre tuve un soporte claro, directo y rápido, el material sale rápido cuando hay cambios en el temario de GARP, y los ejercicios y exámenes son muy útiles para practicar.

    Credit Risk in Corporate Bonds | CFA Level 1 - AnalystPrep (8)

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    2021-07-17

    So helpful. I have been using the videos to prepare for the CFA Level II exam. The videos signpost the reading contents, explain the concepts and provide additional context for specific concepts. The fun light-hearted analogies are also a welcome break to some very dry content.I usually watch the videos before going into more in-depth reading and they are a good way to avoid being overwhelmed by the sheer volume of content when you look at the readings.

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    2021-07-16

    A great curriculum provider. James sir explains the concept so well that rather than memorising it, you tend to intuitively understand and absorb them. Thank you ! Grateful I saw this at the right time for my CFA prep.

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    2021-06-28

    Very well explained and gives a great insight about topics in a very short time. Glad to have found Professor Forjan's lectures.

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    Is it hard to pass CFA level 1? ›

    The CFA Level I exam pass rates have generally been between 35% and 44%. These rates are the best for assessing its difficulty: many candidates quit after failing to clear this initial hurdle. CFA Level II passing rates have typically fallen within the range of 44% to 52%, depending on the exam session.

    What is the pass rate for the CFA Level 1 exam? ›

    Exam Pass Rates by Level

    From 2012 to 2022, pass rates for the level 1 exam have averaged 41%. Since 2020, the average has been hovering around 37%.

    Why do so many people fail CFA Level 1? ›

    Some candidates consider themselves to be fairly ethical people and so think that the answers on the exam will be intuitive. They neglect the topic and end up failing on the exam. Other candidates read the material, to the point of memorizing the Code and Standards, but neglect to do practice problems.

    What is the easiest topic in CFA level 1? ›

    The Easiest Topics:
    • Equity Investments (EI)
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    Dec 19, 2023

    Is 3 months enough for CFA level 1? ›

    For the majority of candidates, we recommend a 6-month study plan. This would break down to about 12 hours per week or two hours per day for 6 days per week. Skipping one day each week would allow you to relax and prepare for the next week's activities.

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    Candidates are permitted to take the exam a maximum of two times per calendar year (when applicable), but not in consecutive windows or windows that are six months or less apart. Candidates will have a total of six maximum attempts per exam level.

    Can you pass CFA level 1 with 60? ›

    Passing Scores

    Candidates must get a minimum passing score (MPS) of 70% on the multiple-choice questions on the CFA Level I exam, a minimum score of 65% to 70% on the multiple-choice questions on the CFA Level II exam, and a minimum passing score (MPS) of 60% on the multiple-choice questions on the CFA Level III exam.

    Can you pass CFA Level 1 by guessing? ›

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    Is the CFA harder than the bar? ›

    With a pass rate of less than 11% for all three levels, the CFA passage rate is lower than most state bar exams. Virtually everyone who has taken all three exam levels will tell you it is one of the most time intensive and difficult exams they have ever sat for.

    Is the CFA harder than the CPA? ›

    CFA vs CPA Exam difficulty

    Both are challenging and require gaining skills and knowledge in complex topics. However, the CPA Exam generally requires less studying - around 80 to 120 hours per section compared to 300 hours per section of the CFA Exam, and the CPA Exam also has a higher pass rate.

    What is the hardest part of CFA Level 1? ›

    Generally, our research shows that candidates' CFA Level 1 hardest topics are Financial Statement Analysis, Fixed Income, Quantitative Methods, Derivatives and Economics. Meanwhile, CFA Level 2 most difficult topics are typically Financial Statement Analysis, Portfolio Management, Ethics and Derivatives.

    Why are CFA Level 1 pass rates so low? ›

    The CFA exam pass rate is low because it is a challenging exam with three levels. The percentage of people who pass all the levels is small, especially when you consider that the passing rate for Level 1 is less than half. Let's look at the data, and discuss what you can do to increase your chances of passing.

    How to check if someone passed CFA level 1? ›

    Level I CFA candidates are provided with a "pass" or "did not pass" message via email on the result date.

    Which CFA level is most difficult? ›

    It would be safe to generalize that most CFA charterholders would call Level 2 the hardest of the CFA Exams. However, with patience, dedication, and practice, candidates can conquer the Level 2 Exam.

    Is fixed income CFA level 1 hard? ›

    Frequently Asked Questions

    CFA Level 1 Fixed Income is considered one of the more difficult topics on the exam, and for most candidates, it is also one of the least familiar. Fixed income securities are typically more abstract than equity investments.

    Is there a lot of math in CFA Level 1? ›

    Here are some of the topic areas that require the most math: Quantitative Methods: This topic area covers a range of mathematical concepts such as time value of money, probability, statistical concepts and methods, and hypothesis testing.

    Which CFA level is the hardest on Reddit? ›

    According to consensus, level 2 might be the most difficult level out of all three (breadth and depth both increase). However, I've covered QM, ECO and majority of FSA so far and don't find it that impressive? Do you guys feel the same about those topics?

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